A proximity switch is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact. A proximity switch often emits an electromagnetic or electrostatic field, or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal. The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity switch’s target. Different proximity switch targets demand different sensors. For example, a capacitive or photoelectric sensor might be suitable for a plastic target; an inductive proximity switch requires a metal target.
The maximum distance that this sensor can detect is defined "nominal range". Some sensors have adjustments of the nominal range or means to report a graduated detection distance. Proximity switches can have a high reliability and long functional life because of the absence of mechanical parts and lack of physical contact between sensor and the sensed object. IEC 60947-5-2 defines the technical details of proximity switches. A proximity switch adjusted to a very short range is often used as a touch sensor.
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